Effect of the COVID-19 quarantine on body mass among combat sports athletes.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: to combat the COVID-19 pandemic governments have adopted measures such as quarantine and social distancing. Objective: the main objective of the present study was to analyze the impact of COVID-19 quarantine on body mass in combat sports athletes. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional, prospective, multi-center study that evaluated 234 men (mean age and standard deviation, 29 ± 10 years) residing in Argentina (n = 38); Bolivia (n = 1); Brazil (n = 105); Chile (n = 30); El Salvador (n = 1); Spain (n = 22); Mexico (n = 22) and Peru (n = 15). Of these, 12 practiced Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ), 54 boxing, 67 judo, 13 karate, 52 kick boxing & muay thai (KB & MT), 9 mixed martial arts (MMA), and 27 taekwondo (TKD). An online survey was created using Google Forms. It was implemented between April 4th and April 17th, 2020. Athletes were consulted about their body mass before starting the quarantine and after 20 ± 5 days of quarantine. Results: athletes in all combat sports were heavier during quarantine as compared to pre-quarantine (p < 0.001, d = 0.12). Conclusions: combat sports athletes experienced an increase in body mass during the COVID-19 quarantine.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: para combatir la pandemia de COVID-19, los gobiernos han adoptado medidas como la cuarentena y el distanciamiento social. Objetivo: el principal objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el impacto de la cuarentena por COVID-19 sobre la masa corporal en atletas de deportes de combate. Métodos: realizamos un estudio transversal, prospectivo y multicéntrico que evaluó a 234 hombres (media de edad y desviación estándar, 29 ± 10 años) que residen en Argentina (n = 38); Bolivia (n = 1); Brasil (n = 105); Chile (n = 30); El Salvador (n = 1); España (n = 22); México (n = 22) y Perú (n = 15). De estos, 12 practicaban jiu-jitsu brasileño (BJJ), 54 boxeo, 67 judo, 13 karate, 52 kick boxing y muay thai (KB y MT), 9 artes marciales mixtas (MMA) y 27 taekwondo (TKD). Se creó una encuesta en línea usando Google Forms. Se implementó entre el 4 y el 17 de abril de 2020. Se preguntó a los deportistas sobre su masa corporal antes de comenzar la cuarentena y después de 20 ± 5 días de cuarentena. Resultados: los atletas de todos los deportes de combate resultaron más pesados durante la cuarentena que durante la precuarentena (p < 0,001, d = 0,12). Conclusiones: los atletas de deportes de combate presentaron una mayor masa corporal durante la cuarentena a causa de la COVID-19.

Rapid weight gain in wrestling athletes during the Panamerican Championship, Lima, 2018.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: To avoid rapid bodyweight fluctuations and the associated effects on health and performance, some combat sports federations have made changes to regulations. Objective: the objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the Rapid Weight Gain on sporting success in elite Olympic Wrestling athletes under the new weighing modality. Methods: the bodyweight of 75 athletes was recorded during the Pan-American Olympic Wrestling Championship (Lima, 2018), corresponding to 29 % of the total universe of competitors (n = 255). Of these, 29 were Greco-Roman style, eight Freestyle, and 38 Women´s Wrestling. The official weighing was carried out between 8:00 and 8:30 hours. As for the second weighing, this was done with the same official weighing scale, immediately before the first match (between 10:00 and 11:00 hours). Rapid Weight Gain after weigh-in was compared between medalist and non-medalist athletes. Results: when analyzing the difference between medalists and non-medalists, no significant differences were found in Greco-Roman athletes (t = 0.114; p = 0.910; r = 0.022), in Freestyle (Mann-Whitney U = 5,500; p = 0.486; r = 0.000), in Women´s Wrestling (Mann-Whitney U = 163.0; p = 0.774; r = 0.124), and in all competitors (Mann-Whitney U = 641.5; p = 0.855; r = 0.037). Conclusions: no significant differences were found between medalist and non-medalist athletes in any of the Olympic Wrestling styles.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: para evitar fluctuaciones rápidas del peso corporal y los efectos asociados sobre la salud y rendimiento, algunas federaciones de deportes de combate han realizado cambios de reglamento. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de la ganancia rápida de peso en el éxito deportivo en atletas de élite de la lucha olímpica bajo la nueva modalidad de pesaje. Métodos: se registró el peso corporal de 75 atletas durante el Campeonato Panamericano de Lucha Olímpica (Lima, 2018), correspondiente al 29 % del universo total de competidores (n = 255). De estos, 29 fueron de estilo grecorromano; 8, de estilo libre y 38, de lucha libre femenina. El pesaje oficial se realizó entre las 8:00 y las 8:30 horas. En cuanto al segundo pesaje, se hizo con la misma balanza oficial inmediatamente antes de la primera lucha (entre las 10:00 y las 11:00 horas). La ganancia de peso rápida después del pesaje se comparó entre atletas medallistas y no medallistas. Resultados: al analizar la diferencia entre medallistas y no medallistas, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los atletas de grecorromana (t = 0,114; p = 0,910; r = 0,022), en los de estilo libre (Mann-Whitney U = 5,500; p = 0,486; r = 0,000), en los de lucha libre femenina (Mann-Whitney U = 163,0; p = 0,774; r = 0,124) ni en todos los competidores (Mann -Whitney U = 641,5; p = 0,855; r = 0,037). Conclusiones: no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre atletas medallistas y no medallistas en ninguno de los estilos de lucha olímpica.

Risk of hospitalization associated with body mass index and weight changes among prevalent haemodialysis patients.

The impact of body mass index (BMI) and body weight on hospitalization rates in haemodialysis patients is unknown. This study hypothesizes that being either underweight or obese is associated with a higher hospitalization rate. Observational study of 6296 European haemodialysis patients with prospective data collection and follow-up every six months for three years (COSMOS study). The risk of being hospitalized was estimated by a time-dependent Cox regression model and the annual risk (incidence rate ratios, IRR) by Poisson regression. We considered weight loss, weight gain and stable weight. Weight change analyses were also performed after patient stratification according to their baseline BMI. A total of 3096 patients were hospitalized at least once with 9731 hospitalizations in total. The hospitalization incidence (fully adjusted IRR 1.28, 95% CI [1.18-1.39]) was higher among underweight patients (BMI <20kg/m2) than patients of normal weight (BMI 20-25kg/m2), while the incidence of overweight (0.88 [0.83-0.93]) and obese patients (≥30kg/m2, 0.85 [0.79-0.92]) was lower. Weight gain was associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization. Conversely, weight loss was associated with a higher hospitalization rate, particularly in underweight patients (IRR 2.85 [2.33-3.47]). Underweight haemodialysis patients were at increased risk of hospitalization, while overweight and obese patients were less likely to be hospitalized. Short-term weight loss in underweight individuals was associated with a strikingly high hospitalization rate.

Influencia del amamantamiento y presencia del toro en el comportamiento productivo y reproductivo de vacas pardo suizo en el trópico húmedo / Influence of suckling and sire presence in the productive and reproductive performance of brown swiss cows in the humid tropic

El experimento se realizó en el Rancho “Las Animas” ubicado en el municipio de Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas, México, con el objetivo de estimar la interacción del retraso del amamantamiento con la presencia o ausencia del toro como estrategia para reducir el periodo de parto-concepción en 40 vacas Pardo Suizo puras, sometidas a manejo de doble propósito. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos y diez repeticiones con un arreglo factorial con dos factores en dos niveles, siendo el tipo de amamantamiento (tradicional o retrasado) y la presencia o ausencia del toro los factores. La comparación de medias se realizó con la prueba de Tukey. Los tratamientos fueron: amamantamiento tradicional sin toro (AT-ST; n=10), amamantamiento tradicional con toro (AT+T; n=10), amamantamiento retrasado sin toro (AR-ST; n=10) y amamantamiento retrasado con toro (AR+T; n=10). Se encontró que AR+T reduce (P<0,05) el intervalo parto- concepción a 84±10,19 días comparado con 100±13,35, 190±34,84 y 156±20,63 días para AR-ST, AT+T y AT-ST, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, se concluye que practicar el retraso del amamantamiento (30 min.) ocho horas después del ordeño y exponer las vacas al toro desde los siete días posparto, puede ser una alternativa para reducir el anestro posparto e incrementar la eficiencia reproductiva en el sistema doble propósito.

The experiment was carried out in “Las Animas” ranch located in Tuxtla Chico Municipality, Chiapas, Mexico, in order to estimate the interaction between retarded suckling and sire presence used as a strategy for reducing the time between calving and conception in 40 pure Brown Swiss cows under dual purpose system. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and ten repetitions with a factorial arrangement with two factors in two levels, being type of suckling (traditional and retarded) and sire presence and absence, comparison of means was done with Tukey test. Treatments were; T1 (n=10): Traditional suckling without sire presence (AT-ST), T2(n=10): traditional suckling with sire presence (AT+T), T3(n=10): retarded suckling without sire presence (AR-ST) and T4(n=10): retarded suckling with sire presence (AR+T). Results showed that AR+T reduced (P<0.05) the calving-conception interval to 84±10.19 days compared with 100±13.35, 190±34.84 y 156±20.63 days for AR-T, AT+T and AT-T respectively. It is therefore concluded that the combined practice of suckling retarded (30 minutes) eight hours after milking and exposing the cows to the sire as of seven days after calving could be an alternative to reduce post-partum anestrus and increasing reproductive efficiency in dual purpose system.